THE ACHIEVEMENTS OF STANLEY AND OTHER AFRICAN EXPLORERS, BY J.T. HEADLEY, 1878

Description: The Achievements Of Stanley and other African ExplorersComprising all the late and really Great Achievements won in the Exploration of the vast unknown region of Equatorial Africa ;Chief among which are the finding of the lost David Livingstone by Stanley, the Explorations of the Great Lakes, the Wonderful Experiences of Sir Samuel W. Baker , in his remarkable Expedition, with a small army , under royal authority, to the Central Lake Region by way of the Nile ;The Discoveries of Lieut. Cameron in his memorable Overland Journey across the Entire Continent from east to west ;And the crowning triumph of all, won by the daring and intrepid Stanley, in facing a Thousand Perils by Savages , Cataracts, Disease , Wild Beasts and Starvation, but by an almost superhuman Heroism, forcing his way down the dark river 2500 miles, and solving the Great Mystery by proving Livingstone's Lualaba verily the headwaters of the mighty CONGO And thus opening a grand highway from the west coast to the heart and treasures of one of the most populous and productive continents of the globe.The Story of these Wonderful Adventures and Brilliant Achievements from first to last is fully set forth.The whole having been carefully preparedBy Hon. J. T. Headley Author of " Napoleon and his Marshals ", " Washington and his Generals ," " Sherman and his Campaigns ," " Farragut and our Naval Commanders ," " Life of General Grant ," etc., etc. Sold Only By Subscription Published By Hubbard Bros. Philadelphia 1878 First Edition Hardcover. Decorated Green Cloth Binding. Beveled Boards. The front cover features a facsimile signature of Stanley in gilt. 6" x 9" 605 Pages plus Folding Map at the rear. 140 Years Old First Edition of this history of Henry Stanley's exploration of Africa. Illustrated [ see illustration list below ] Folding Map ( in colors ) ; Explorations of Stanley , Livingstone , and Lieut. Cameron ( 10.5" x 12.5 " ) Henry M. Stanley (1841-1904) American journalist and adventurer, who took up the New York Herald's mission ”to go and find Livingstone”. He traveled 700 miles in 236 days before he found the ailing Scottish missionary explorer David Livingstone on the island of Ujiji . At meeting Livingstone, Stanley tried to hide his enthusiasm and uttered his famous greeting: "Doctor Livingstone, I presume!" Henry M. Stanley was the most effective of explorer of his day, who solved the problems of the Nile and Congo in 1874-1877. He helped create Léopold's Congo Free State, ruled by the Belgian monarch as a personal domain, and British possessions on the upper Nile in the 1880's. ** Good Condition ** Some general wear to the binding. [ see photos below ] The inner hinges are secure. No markings. Former owner's name on the front endpaper ( in pencil " E. R. Walker ") No other writing. A few pages have a small tear at the edge. One page has a larger tear at the inside edge. The Pages are otherwise in Very Good Condition. The Folding Map at the rear has just a little bit of separation at the fold ( about 1" ) The Folding Map is otherwise in Very Good Condition. List of Illustrations: Henry M. Stanley ( frontispiece ) Noted Explorers of Africa Zanzibar Natives putting off to a Vessel Landing a Crocodile Moving Roofs of Huts Doing Honors to the Queen Shooting Hippopotami Pot Pourri African Warfare Dance in honor of the Moon Human Sacrifices Execution for Witchcraft Council of War Hippopotami Sporting with their Yonng Saluting a Superior A King Traveling Stalking the Sentry Stanley meeting Livingstone Dr. David Livingstone The Forty Thieves Hippopotamus capsizing the Dingy Hauling the Steamer through the midst of the vegetable obstructions Crocodile mobbed in the Sudd Hippopotamus kills the Blind Sheikh in the Shillook Country Arrival at the Stoppage - The Baleniceps Rex Sandal, Pipe, etc. Attack in the Night Attack on the Rear Guard Elephants in a Difficulty Shaking down the Fruit Musical Enthusiasts General Night Attack of the Savages Reception of Rionga The Slave Hunters Attack at Fatiko Net Hunting Driving the Prairie with Fire Charge of a Lioness Map ; Discoveries of S. W. Baker , Basin of the Nile Natives' Weapons Our Camp Temporary Village in which Dr. Livingstone's Body was Prepared Crossing the Lugungwa River The Chief's Village Great Chiefs Returning a Visit Warna Waganda Scene in Alvez Boma Burial of Pocoke Scene in Camp Reception by Mtesa's Body-Guard, Prime Minister and Chiefs An Unpleasant Situation Dash across Unyoro Hot Springs of Mtagata Setting out to Cross Lake Tanganika Chief's Home at Nyangwe Nyangwe Hunting Sokos Fighting our Way Round Death of Kalulu Drowning of Pocoke Scaling the Rapids Folding Map ( in colors ) ; Explorations of Stanley , Livingstone , and Lieut. Cameron The Contents includes: The Dark Continent - Description of it - Difficulties of exploring it - Hatred of white men - The first real encroachment made by a missionary - Description of the portion to be explored - Its articles of commerce - Its future destiny Outlines of Livingstone's explorations during a period of nearly thirty years — First exploration - Crosses the continent from west to east - His second expedition - The last - His supposed death - Sympathy for him - Indifference of the British Government to his fate - Bennett's bold resolution to send Stanley after him Stanley's search for Livingstone - Lands at Zanzibar - Organizes his expedition — The start - Stanley's feelings - The march—Its difficulties—Men sick - Delays - Meeting with a chief - Dialogue on the hurial of a horse - Loss of his bay horse—Sickness and desertion -Terrible traveling - A hospitable chief - A gang of slaves - African belles - A ludicrous spectacle — A queer superstition - Punishment of a deserter - A ludicrous contrast— A beautiful country - News from Livingstone - A walled town -Stanley attacked with fever The rainy season sets in - Disgusting insects -The cook caught stealing - His punishment and flight - The march - Men dispatched after the missing cook—Their harsh treatment by the sultana of the walled town—A hard march—Crossing the Makata river - The rainy season ended—Five miles of wading - An enchanting prospect - Reaches his third caravan , and finds it demoralized - Shaw, its leader, a drunken spendthrift—Delays the march—Stanley's dispatch to him -Lake Ugombo - Scene between Stanley and Shaw at breakfast , the latter knocked down - Attempt to murder Stanley - Good advice of an Arab sheikh - A feast - Farquhar left behind Three of his caravans meet - A waterless desert traversed - Stanley down with the fever -A land of plenty and of extortion - A populous district - A modern Hercules - An African village - Stanley curbs his temper for economy's sake - A good sultan - News from one of his caravans - Curious natives - Flogged by Stanley into proper behavior - Salt plains - Stanley stops to doctor himself - A curious visit from a chief - A noble African tribe - A mob - Quarrel over the route to he taken - Settled by Stanley— A merry march - Condensation of Stanley's account of the character of the country and the tribes of Central Africa Reception in Unyanyembe - His house—Reports of the Chiefs of his caravans — A feast - Luxurious living of the Arabs - Arab country - War against Mirambo , in which Stanley becomes an ally—Is taken sick - Bombay thrashed - Stanley joins the Arab army - Capture of Mirambo's stronghold— Villages laid waste—Mirambo's revenge - Arabs defeated and Stanley left alone - Is sick - Final departure - His indomitable will and courage - A touching extract form his journal - Deserters - Shaw , the last white man, left behind - Corpses on the road - Mollifies a sullen chief - Strong medicine - A ludicrous scene - The paradise of hunters - A right royal hunt A beautiful picture - A mutiny - Narrow escape of Stanley - Saved by his prompt courage - Swift punishment of the leaders of the mutiny - Exciting news from Ujiji - Difficulties in the way - Resolves to go round the next village - Stealthy marching - A new danger - Vain attempt to stop a woman's screaming - Rapid marching - Stanley startled by the sound of waves bursting in rocky caverns - An unexpected danger - Narrow escape View of the Tanganika - First sight of Ujiji - The American Flag - Livingstone's servants - Dr. Livingstone, I presume - The meeting - Livingstone's letter bag - A budget of news - Bringing new life - The cook's excitement - Livingstone's deplorable condition - The dream realized Rest at Ujija - Stanley's love for Livingstone the best eulogium on his own character—The night—The morning interview - Life with Livingstone - Survey the Tanganika together - Livingstone accompanies Stanley to Unyanyembe - The long march—Life in the place—Preparations for parting—The last breakfast - The last sad farewell- Stanley's homeward march -Its perils - Inundations - Makata Swamp - Terrible marching - Stanley sends off for relief—Its arrival - Bagomayo reached at last - Noisy entrance - Stanley's joy - It is suddenly dashed - Cruel conduct of the press - Start for home The Expedition of the Khedive of Egypt to suppress the slave trade - Sir Samuel W. Baker placed at the head of it - Extent of the slave trade - outfit of the expedition - Preparaiions on a grand scale - The Army - The rendezvous at Khartoum - Failure on the part of the Khedive - The expedition starts - Obstacles met - Cutting channels for the fleet - Slow, toilsome work - A hippopotamus charges the vessel - Men become sick - Baker shoots a hippopotamus - A crocodile killed - The expedition permanently stopped - Discouragements Baker's heroic wife - A slaver caught - A sickening spectacle - Freedom - Description of the camp - A cargo of slaves discovered - Slaves freed— Wholesale matrimony - Exploring the White Nile - A new start - A new lake - The White Nile reached at last - A fierce night attack by a hippopotamus - A thrilling scene - Gondokoro at last reached The country formally taken possession of - War at last - A night attack on a native village - Disaffection in the army - Attacked by crocodiles - An old man-eater killed - A campaign against the enemy - The army propose to return home - Baker obtains corn and restores subordination - The army greatly reduced - A fight - Target shooting at men Vessels leave for Khartoum with the invalids - Abdullah's villainy - Exploring the White Nile - Meeting a friendly tribe - Interview with the Sheikr Sorcery and Talismans - Magic - An elephant hunt - Its moral effects - Scramble for the flesh - The tribes seek peace - Elephants enter the fort - A wild scene - Elephants gathering fruit - An adventure with a hippopotamus - The country at peace - Baker resolves to start south The determination to advance - A desperate position - Soldiers draw the carts to Lahore - A beautiful country - The future capital of Africa - Reaches Fatiko - power of music over the natives - Grotesque dancing of naked women - Starts for Unyoro - Beautiful country depopulated - Proclaims peace - Livingstone The start - Exodus of the white ants - A great luxury - A beautiful country - Masindi - King Abba Rega - His walk and appearance -The interview - Buffoons— Queer result of a lecture on the slave trade - A station commenced - Planting vegetables —The king's visit — Magnetic battery - Photographs -A curious interview - Formal annexation of the country— Sends off a part of his force - Commerce established - Vegetables planted — Dark omens - A drunken king - Asks after Livingstone - A fort built The troops poisoned - A sudden attack - The town set on fire - A sad spectacle-— Baker discouraged - A perilous position - Fears of Abdullah — Hypocrisy of Abba Rega - Presents pass between him and Baker - Treachery - A narrow escape - Baker's quarters set on fire - A second attack -The neighboring villages set on fire - Forethought of Baker's wife - Preparations to start for Rionga The start - The station fired - The march - The country aroused - An ambuscade— Howarte speared - Second day's march - A sharp fight—Stripped for the race - Constant fighting - Eating the enemy's liver - Foweera at last reached - Interview with the king - His appearance Baker offers to make him ruler over the territory of Abba Rega - A treaty made - Sealed by drinking each others' blood - Baker resolves to return to Fatiko - Arrival of messengers with bad naws - The return - The wife compelled to walk - Arrival at Fatiko - Treachery - The attack - Flight and pursuit— The victory - Baker turns surgeon Arrival of Cannibals - Children devoured - Small-pox disperses them—A grand hunt - The mode of conducting it by nets and fire - The result— Life at Fatiko - The second hunt - Killing a lion - A woman's rights meeting - A happy community , in which neither religious dagmas or law cases enter - News from Livingstone - King Mtesa - Arrival of reinforcements - Bad military conduct - Baker writes out a set of rules for Abdullah and starts for home - Releases captive women and children - An expression of gratitude not asked for - Kissed by a naked beauty - Concluding remarks - A missionary's outfit - Official report - A handsome tribute to his wife - Africa's future Cameron's expedition - Its origin - Change of leaders - Difficulties at the outset- Start - A tall and manly race - Naked savages - News from Livingstone— A methuselah - The country improved - Unyanyembo reached — Occupies Stanley's house - A slave auction - Sickness and discouragements— A stunning blow - Livingstone dead - Death of Dillon - Despondent thoughts - A desperate resolve - Crossing the Lugungwa - Ujiji Cameron pushes on to the Lualaba , and resolves to follow it to the sea —It has no connection with the Kilo system -No canoes to be had - Tipo-Tipo - Handsome women - Inquisitiveness of the women - Stopped by a ruse— Interview with King Kasongo - Resolves to visit some curious lakes - Attacked by the natives - Contracts with a slave-trader to take him to the coast - Explorations of lakes - Houses built in the lakes - Description of Kasongo and his character and habits - His harem - The rules that govern it - The religion of the country - A curious bridal ceremony - Floating islands - The Congo route abandoned The departure - Character of the caravan Horible ceremonies at the burial of a chief of Urua - Start of the caravan - Its bad conduct - Joined by a slave-gang - Its sorrowful appearance - The camps of the caravan - Dreary marching - Appearance of the country - Naked women dressing their hair elaborately - Arrival at Alvez village - The luxury of coffee , onions and soap - Reduced state of Cameron's men - Reaches a Portuguese trader's house - A festival - A lascivious dance - Beautiful scenery—Interview with King Kongo - Cameron's sufferings begin - Desperate condition - A forced march to the sea with a few men - First sight of the sea - His welcome— His dangerous sickness - Visit to the consul at Loanda - Men sent to Zanzibar - His return home - The Slave Trade Stanley thinks of Africa and Livingstone's unfinished work - Determines to complete it - Takes a boat of his own along - At Zanzibar again - Start for the interior - Takes a new route - The country passed through - Deserted by his guides - Loses the path - A painful march - Starvation and death - A gloomy prospect - Two young lions killed and made into broth - A trunk used for a kettle - A painful spectacle - Men sent off for food at last return—Joy of the camp - The march—A new type of natives - Naked beauty - Sickness and death - Death of Edward Pocoke - His burial - Stanley's letter to his father - A man murdered - Itwru reached—A populous plain - Intercourse with the people - A magic doctor The camp - View from it - Hostile demonstration - A three days' fight - A massacre - A modern Sodom - A terrible vengeance - Twenty-one of the expedition killed - A complete ruin - Provisions obtained - The march resumed - Only a hundred and ninety-four men left out of three hundred with which he started - A gloomy out-look - Mistaken for Mirambo - The Nyanza reached at last - A description of the country he had passed through Mustering his force - The death roll - Selecting a crew of eleven men, he sets sail - Leaves the camp in charge of Pocoko and Barker -" Speke's Bay " - Coasting northward - Shimeeyu River - -A large island — Description of the shores and people - Strange stories told him - A lonely channel - Superstition of the natives - " Bridge Island " - Under the equator - Stanley looked upon as a being from another world - Fleeing from hippopotami - Treachery - A narrow escape - Three quarters of the lake thoroughly explored Stanley the first white man that ever sailed round the Victoria Nyanza - Establishes the southern source of the Nile - Treachery of the natives - Stanley's revenge - A hostile fleet scattered by him—Three men killed - Two singular islands - The Ripon Falls - The Nile - Curious inlets — Mtesa , king of Uganda - His reception of Stanley - Imposing ceremonies — A noble native monarch - His capital - His army and large territory — Half converted to Christianity by Stanley - Anxious to have missionaries sent to his country - Stanley's mode of sending them, and the kind of men they should be - A mission established and broken up - False statements in the papers about it corrected Stanley continues his explorations - Drunken natives - A suspicious reception - A peaceful night - A wild waking up - A startling spectacle - Hurried departure - Magassa's fleet -Lack of food - A fearful storm— - Bumbireh Island - A bright prospect - Stanley entrapped—In deadly peril - A crowd of demons - A fearful night - Prompt action - Barely saved - Swift and terrible revenge - A frightful storm - Refuge Island - A grateful camp - Provision secured - Another storm - A staunch boat - Steering for camp - His joyful greeting - Excitement of the men - The secret of the men's affection for him The work accomplished - Feelings of satisfaction - Pocoke's report - A narrow escape for the expedition - Death of Barker - Sweet repose - Pleasant memories - Future anticipations - Waiting for Magassa - Resolves to return to Uganda by land - Is prevented—- Sends to the king of Ukerewe - His request granted - Visits him - The interview - Royal hospitality - A stratagem - Stanley starts for Uganda - A new camp - Return to the old one - Conspirators foiled - Refuge Island A rest - Resolves to punish the Bumbireh - Sets sail - Message to the people of Bumbireh - Imprisons the king of Iroba - The king of Bumbireh in chains - Arrival of Mtesa's canoes - Hostility of the natives—Moves on Bumbireh - The Savages expecting him - Plan of battle - The battle - Killed and wounded - Rejoicing over the victory - The natives completely subdued - Stanley gives them a lecture - Effect of the victory on the neighboring tribes - His losses - Prepares to start for the Albert Nyanza - Size of the Victoria Nyanza - Muta Nzinge - Is it and the Albert one lake - Stanley's journal and map do not agree - Mtesa at war—Stanley aids him - Uganda - Abba Rega once more - Baker's and Stanley's journal agree - Stanley asks for fifty thousand men - Mtesa gives him two thousand Force of the expedition - Its start- First march - Through hostile Unyoro - The encampment - Mount Gambaragara - Its summit occupied by white people - Live on a rock in the middle of a lake -Their origin - Other strange tribes - The march - Frightened people - The lake reached without opposition - A miserable failure - The reason of it - Stanley's feelings - The return - Report to Mtesa - His wrath - Liberal offers - Wonders of the country - A generous, peaceful king - Lake Windomere - Source of the Nile - Absurd theories - The hot springs of Mtagata Back to Ujiji - Pleasant associations—The mystery of Tanganika - No outlet — Cameron's expedition —Thinks he discovers the outlet —Doubts of Stanley—- The lake constantly rising—Stanley starts to examine for himself— Bags two zebras —A whole village massacred —Reaches Cameron's outlet — Explores it thoroughly - Declares Cameron to be mistaken —The future outlet — Livingstone's influence—The small-pox in camp—Desertion of his men—Prompt measures — Crosses the Tanganika —More desertions - People of Manyema —Singular customs Livingstone at Nyangwe — Remembrance of him by the natives —" The good man "—His troubles here awakens Stanley's pity — A magnificent country, — Glowing description of it— Ruined by slavery — The slave trade —Its character— Ebony skeletons — Horrible sights — The traders — Mode of capture — Faithlessness of the Prince of Zanzibar — Extracts from Stanley's journal — A depopulated country —The way to stop the traffic Stanley meets Tipo-tipo , the friend of Cameron —Learns all about Cameron's movements —Stanley warned not to go on— Fearful stories — Contracts with Tipo-tipo to escort him sixty camps —Self-reliance of Stanley— Women an obstacle in the way of advancing — Nyangwe —Its market —A lively scene —The two chiefs —A large harem —The original inhabitants — Strength of the expedition The great march begins—Gloomy prospects —March through a dense forest — Axes used to clear the way—A village in the forest — Superiority of the inhabitants —The men disheartened—Slow marching —Discontent- Difficulties increase — Tipo-tipo wishes to be released from his engagement — People that smelt iron-ore —A row of skulls as an ornament for the village — Hunting sokos —The cannibals —Naked women — The Lualaba reached —Not to be left again—The natives crossing the river Congo changed to Livingstone — Frightened natives —The march — Deserted villages —The land party lost —Stanley's anxiety —A dash on the natives , one man killed — Uledi dispatched after the missing party —The lost found — The march—A floating hospital —Passing rapids —Tipo-tipo wishes to turn back—A queer village — Increasing sickness — The dead every day thrown into the river —A fight —Marching on—A desperate fight of two days —A successful stratagem — Tipo-tipo resolves to leave —Stanley's speech to his men —Christmas Day — A frolic —A boat race —The parties separate —A touching farewell —A Bad day — Stanley tries to arouse the men A common fate binding all — " We want to eat you " The home of the hippopotamus - The persuasive eloquence of the cannibal prisoners — A novel sensation —A peaceful tribe — The cannibals prevent a fight —A sudden attack — A successful stratagem —Another fight —A hard carry around the falls — An advanced tribe — River full of islands — Magnificent scenery — Stanley's expedition —A grand barbecue —A necessary fight —Night-work — Seventy-eight hours' incessant toil — Passing the rapids — A lost man — A thrilling spectacle—Great daring—Lost men—A fearful night—Rescue in the morning — Brave Uledi —A carry round the falls —A brilliant manoeuvre— In a net — Man meat — Another fight —The Congo starts for the sea — Another fight —A deserted village —Around the falls — Muskets - A fight —- Home of the hippopotami — A new war cry — Astonishment of the natives at seeing a white man — More enemies — Stanley's speech — A fight— Three hundred and fifteen muskets against forty-four — Starving —Friendly savages — Abundant provisions — Death and burial of a chieftain's wife — A friendly tribe - Beautiful women — Serpents in camp — The last and fiercest fight — Stanley Pool — Friendly chiefs — Curious interview with King Itsi — A general peace Tribal differences —What is the cause of them—The Congo tribes -The cannibals left behind— Change of scenery — Livingstone Falls — A wild stretch of water — Carrying boats over land —Exhausting, slow work —A canoe lost — Stanley falls thirty feet — Rocky Falls —A fearful sight — Kalulu over the falls — A canoe shoots the Kalulu Falls in safety —A third canoe shoots the falls and disappears — Soudi's strange story — More rapids— Difficulties increase — Narrow escape of Stanley —Joy at his deliverance — Four cataracts in sight — Strange music — Less than a mile a day —The big cataract — Scaling a mountain one thousand feet high — Astonishment of the natives Last instructions —A magnificent forest — Stanley thinks of dug-outs at home — Resolves to build canoes — The first tree felled —Two canoes finished — The boats and expedition moving overland — Arabs stealing — Redeeming a captive held for theft — Canoes over the mountain — Rest — Third canoe built—Dispiriting news - Native superstition - A narrow escape—Launching of the third canoe— Rains - Rise of the river — Storms — The expedition moves over the mountain —Frank takes the canoes by the river — Mowwa Falls —A terrific scene— Passing the Mowwa Falls — Uledi caught in theft — His sentence — A touching scene — Atonement — Forgiveness - Christian principles in Heathens - A strange superstition - The natives demand that Stanley's note-book be burned up - A painful dilemma - A successful stratagem - Shakespeare burned - Frank's last night with Stanley Elevated from the place of servant to that of friend —Proposes to toss up to determine whether they shall follow the Lualaba to the sea or not - Chance decides they shall - Pocoke's shoes become worn out in the forest —Is made lame — Passage of the Mowwa Falls - Stanley's peril - Pocoke's fatal self- will - His death - The sight that stunned Stanley - A gloomy night for him - Pocoke's character Stanley mourning for his friend —A mutiny —Sadness of Stanley—Return of the deserters—Boats carried over a hill—The chief carpenter carried over the falls—Stanley runs the Mbelo Falls — Miraculous escape — Feeling of his people—The end of the chasm — One mile and a quarter a day for eight months —The Arabs steal , and are made prisoners - Arabs left in slavery for stealing — Falls of Isingila reached — Stanley resolves to leave the river — The Lady Alice abandoned —The march for Boma — Uledi slaps a king in the face — Stanley sends a letter to Boma — The messengers depart—He moves on—Meets an enemy who becomes a friend — A glad surprise— Food in abundance — Luxuries for Stanley - A song of triumph — Stanley's feelings, as shown by his letter — Reach Boma— The reaction — Stanley offered a steamer home — Prefers to stand by his Arabs — Reception at Capo Town — Zanzibar reached — Joy of the Arabs — An affecting scene—Farewell to Stanley First Edition. 140 Years Old. Carefully Packed for Shipment to the Buyer. Have A Look At My Many Other Books. -------------------------- Biographical Information: HENRY M. STANLEY (originally John Rowlands ) (1841-1904) American journalist and adventurer, who took up the New York Herald's mission ”to go and find Livingstone”. He traveled 700 miles in 236 days before he found the ailing Scottish missionary explorer David Livingstone on the island of Ujiji . At meeting Livingstone, Stanley tried to hide his enthusiasm and uttered his famous greeting: "Doctor Livingstone, I presume!" Henry M. Stanley was the most effective of explorer of his day, who solved the problems of the Nile and Congo in 1874-77. He helped create Léopold's Congo Free State, ruled by the Belgian monarch as a personal domain, and British possessions on the upper Nile in the 1880s. Henry Morton Stanley was born at Denbigh in North Wales , the illegitimate son of John Rowlands and Elisabeth Parry - on the birth register of St. Hilary's Church he was entered as "John Rowlands, Bastard". Stanley spent his early years in the custody of his two uncles and his maternal grandfather. After his grandfather died, he was consigned at the age of six to the St. Asaph Workhouse, where male adults "took part in every possible vice," as an investigative commission reported in 1847. However, Stanley received a fair education and he became a voracious reader. At fifteen, Stanley left St. Asaph's and stayed some years with his relatives. At seventeen, he ran away to sea and landed in New Orleans. There Stanley gave himself a new name - first he was known as "J. Rolling", but eventually he settled on Henry Morton Stanley after the cotton broker Henry Stanley, for whom he worked in New Orleans. After the outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861, Stanley joined the Confererate Army but later he enlisted in the Union Army. In 1864 he served as a clerk at the frigate Minnesota. During the following years, Stanley led a roving life in America, working mostly as a free-lance journalist. He also went to Turkey and Asia Minor as a newspaper correspondent. In 1867-1868 he was a special correspondent for the New York Herald. In 1871 Stanley started his expedition to East Africa. To Katie Gough-Roberts, a young woman living in Denbigh, he sent a number of letters, and planned to marry her after the journey. However, she married an architect. He was deserted by his bearers, plagued by disease and warring tribes but he found Livingstone near Lake Tanganyika in Ujiji on November 10, 1871. Together they explored the northern end of Lake Tangayika - Richard Francis Burton claimed Lake Tangayika as the source of the River Nile. Livingstone had journeyed extensively in central and southern Africa from 1840 and fought to destroy the slave trade. Livingstone died in 1873 on the Shores of Lake Bagweulu. His body was shipped back to England and buried in Westminster Abbey - Stanley was one of the pall-bearers. On hearing of his hero's death, Stanley decided to follow up Livingstone's researches on the Congo/Zaire and Nile systems, and at the same time examine the discoveries of Burton, Speke and Grant. "Two weeks were allowed me for purchasing boats - a yawl, a gig, and a barge - for giving orders for pontoons, medical stores, and provisions; for making investments in gifts for native chiefs; for obtaining scientific instruments, stationery, &c., &c. The barge was an invention of my own." (from Through the Dark Continent, 1878) Before the journey, Stanley fell in love with Alice Pike, a seventeen year old American heiress. She married Albert Barney in 1876. On his second African adventure, which started in 1874, Stanley journeyed into central Africa. Stanley's three white companions, Frederick Barker and Francis and Edward Pocock, died during the expedition - Stanley himself was nicknamed Bula Matari, "the rock breaker". Stanley circumnavigated Victoria Nyanza, proving it to be the second-largest freshwater lake in the world, and discovered the Shimeeyu River. After sailing down the Livingstone (Congo) River, he reached the Atlantic Ocean on August 12, 1877. When David Livingstone combined geographical, religious, commercial, and humanitarian goals in his exploration journeys, Stanley created the direct link between exploration and colonization, especially in the service of Leopold II of Belgium. Stanley represented Leopold in signing treaties with bewildered African chiefs. The first expeditions of the Belgians he led to "prove that the Congo natives were susceptible of civilization and that the Congo basin was rich enough to repay exploitation". Stanley's revelation of the commercial possibilities of the region resulted in the setting up of a large trading venture and led to the founding of the Congo Free State in 1885. Leopold II's ruthless exploitation of the country's natural resources - "the rubber atrocities" - were protested by the international community and the Belgian parliament forced the king to give up personal control of the region. In 1877 Stanley made the first complete traverse of the Iruri River, whose waters flow some 800 miles before joining the Congo in the vicinity of present-day Kisangani. By the time he abandoned the river to go directly for Lake Edward, fifty-two of his men were so crippled by leg ulcers and malnutrition, that he had to leave them on the riverbank at a place he named Starvation Camp. Stanley made in 1886 a successful lecturing tour in the United States. The writer Mark Twain introduced him to the audience in Boston in November by comparing Stanley to Columbus: "Now, Columbus started out to discover America. Well, he didn't need to do anything at all but sit in the cabin of his ship and hold his grip and sail straight on, and America would discover itself. Here it was, barring his passage the whole length and breadth of the South American continent, and he couldn't get by it. He'd got to discover it. But Stanley started out to find Doctor Livingstone, who was scattered abroad, as you may say, over the length and breadth of a vast slab of Africa as big as the United States. It was a blind kind of search. He was the worst scattered of men." Stanley organized the relief expedition in search of Emin Pasha , whom he met on the Albert Nyanza in 1888. In 1890 Stanley was in England. His story about his struggle to find Emir Pasha was published in 1890, the year that Joseph Conrad went to Congo, and later returned to his experiences in Heart of Darkness. Stanley visited in the following year the United States and Australia on lecturing tours. In 1899 Stanley was knighted and in 1895-1900 he sat in Parliament. Henry M. Stanley died in London on May 10, 1904.

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